Clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood (from reference 15)
| Skin (75%) |
| Malar erythema (55%) |
| Alopecia (20%) |
| Photosensitivity (15%) |
| Raynaud’s phenomenon (25%) |
| Kidneys (85–100%) |
| Hypertension (30%) |
| Renal failure (10%) |
| Musculoskeletal system |
| Arthritis (75%) |
| Myositis (20%) |
| Cardiopulmonary system |
| Pericarditis (45%) |
| Pleuritis (35%) |
| Pulmonary haemorrhage (5%) |
| Gastrointestinal tract |
| Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcerations (15%) |
| Mesenteric thrombosis (10%) |
| Sterile peritonitis (5%) |
| Hepatosplenomegaly (45%) |
| Nervous system |
| Central (30%) |
| Peripheral (30%) |