It has been estimated that, despite available preventive measures, Streptococcus pneumoniae kills up to a million children around the world each year, and Haemophilus influenzae type b up to 400 000. Much attention, research and funding has centred on HIV infection, malaria and tuberculosis, but country-specific estimates funded by the GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation) Alliance and the Vaccine Fund have now shown that child mortality from S pneumoniae and H influenzae type b infections is just as great (Katherine L O'Brien and colleagues. …