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Respiratory infections for which general practitioners consider prescribing an antibiotic: a prospective study
  1. Anthony Harnden1,
  2. Rafael Perera1,
  3. Angela B Brueggemann2,
  4. Richard Mayon-White1,
  5. Derrick W Crook2,
  6. Anne Thomson2,
  7. David Mant1
  1. 1Department of Primary Health Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  2. 2University Department of Paediatrics and Nuffield Department of Clinical and Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
  1. Correspondence to:
    Dr Harnden
    Department of Primary Health Care, University of Oxford, Old Rd Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; anthony.harnden{at}dphpc.ox.ac.uk

Abstract

Objective: To determine the viral aetiology of respiratory infections in children presenting to primary care with “more than a simple cold”.

Design: Observational study in 18 Oxfordshire general practices over four winters (2000–01 to 2003–04).

Patients: 425 children aged 6 months to 12 years with cough and fever for whom general practitioners considered prescribing an antibiotic.

Methods: Nasopharyngeal aspirate obtained from 408 (96%) children was subjected to PCR for respiratory viruses. Parents completed an illness diary for the duration of illness.

Results: A viral cause of infection was detected in most (77%) children. Clinical symptoms correctly identified the infecting virus in 45% of cases. The duration of illness was short and the time course was very similar for all infecting viruses. One third of children were prescribed an antibiotic (34%), but this made no difference to the rate of parent-assessed recovery (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.67). About one in five children with influenza who did not receive an antibiotic had persistent fever on day 7 compared to no children receiving antibiotics (p = 0.02); this difference remained after adjustment for severity and other factors and was not seen with other viruses.

Conclusions: Most children receiving antibiotics for respiratory symptoms in general practice have an identifiable viral illness. In routine clinical practice, neither the specific infecting virus nor the use of antibiotics has a significant effect on the time course of illness. Antibiotics may reduce the duration of fever in children with influenza which could reflect an increased risk of secondary bacterial infection for such children.

  • CARIFS, Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale
  • CART, classification and regression tree
  • IQ, interquartile
  • NPA, nasopharyngeal aspirate
  • PCR, polymerase chain reaction
  • respiratory infection
  • primary care
  • antibiotic
  • influenza

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Footnotes

  • Published Online First 16 March 2007

  • Funding: The research was funded by the UK Medical Research Council as part of a programme grant in childhood infection in primary care (G0000340).

  • Competing interests: None declared.

  • Ethics: The study was approved by the Oxford Research Ethics Committee

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