Background and objectives In accordance with the definition of the WHO ’Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’ All these components should be considered systematically in their relationship in the process of age-related development.

Our task is studying the interaction of the main components of physical and mental development of children and adolescents.

Methods We carried out a longitudinal study of school groups (220 students) from 1 to 11 classes with methods for estimating their physical, psycho-physiological and psycho-social development.

Results It was revealed a set of students with different disharmony of physical development – deficiency or excess of body mass (BMI). A significant decrease in number of indicators of psychomotor and cognitive functions in these students was found. It was also revealed significantly reduced functional lability of visual analyzer, which is probably due to the fatigue of the nervous system.

Analysis of the psychosocial characteristics showed that the index of sociometric status in patients with BMI was 4,28±4,15%, which was significantly lower than in those with normal physical development (8,54±2,07%; p<0,05).

In patients with BMI academic performance (p<0,01) was significantly reduced by 3.3%. Conclusions. Revealed regularities of the relationship of physical, mental and social components of development of children and adolescents indicate their system organisation, requiring a comprehensive assessment of their health and development requirements for the safety conditions of the rising generation in Russia.