Article Text
Abstract
Background and objective Urinary tract infection (UTI) represents the most common bacterial infection in infants, and its prevalence increases with the presence of high-grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). However, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is invasive, and its indication in infants <3 months is not yet defined. This study aims to investigate, in infants aged 0–3 months, if the presence of Escherichia coli versus non-E. coli bacteria and/or normal or abnormal renal ultrasound (US) could avoid the use of VCUG.
Method One hundred and twenty-two infants with a first febrile UTI were enrolled. High-grade VUR was defined by the presence of VUR grade ≥III. The presence of high-grade VUR was recorded using VCUG, and correlated with the presence of E. coli/non-E. coli UTI and with the presence of normal/abnormal renal US. The Bayes theorem was used to calculate pretest and post-test probability.
Results The probability of high-grade VUR was 3% in the presence of urinary E. coli infection. Adding a normal renal US finding decreased this probability to 1%. However, in the presence of non-E. coli bacteria, the probability of high-grade VUR was 26%, and adding an abnormal US finding increased further this probability to 55%.
Conclusions In infants aged 0–3 months with a first febrile UTI, the presence of E. coli and normal renal US findings allow to safely avoid VCUG. Performing VCUG only in infants with UTI secondary to non-E. coli bacteria and/or abnormal US would save many unnecessary invasive procedures, limit radiation exposure, with a very low risk (<1%) of missing a high-grade VUR.
- Non E. Coli bacteria
- infant
- renal ultrasound
- urinary tract infection
- vesicoureteral reflux
- voiding cystourethrography.
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Footnotes
Contributors JYP, HC and MG: conceptualised and designed the study, participated in data analysis, drafted the initial manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. CK and FC: participated in data analysis, participated in drafting the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. EG: participated in conceptualising, critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent This is a retrospective study and all data were retrieved through our coding system. Consent are obtained from parents.
Ethics approval The study was approved by the local ethic committee (number 74/14)
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.