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Encephalitis in Australian children: contemporary trends in hospitalisation
  1. Philip N Britton1,2,3,
  2. Lynette Khoury3,
  3. Robert Booy1,2,3,4,
  4. Nicholas Wood1,2,3,4,
  5. Cheryl A Jones1,2,3
  1. 1Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity Institute (MBI), University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
  2. 2Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
  3. 3Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, and General Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
  4. 4National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
  1. Correspondence to Dr Philip N Britton, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bay 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; philip.britton{at}health.nsw.gov.au

Abstract

Objective The clinical epidemiology of childhood encephalitis in Australia is inadequately understood. We aimed to describe recent trends in childhood encephalitis-related hospitalisation.

Study design We identified encephalitis-related hospital admissions (2000–2012) in national datasets among children ≤14 years using ICD encephalitis codes. We calculated hospitalisation rates and analysed trends by year, age, gender, location, indigenous status and aetiology.

Results Rates of childhood encephalitis hospitalisations significantly declined over an 11-year period (2000–2012; average hospitalisation rate 3.2/100 000). Varicella encephalitis hospitalisations decreased significantly, associated with high levels of varicella vaccine coverage since 2006. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) was the most common ‘specified’ cause of encephalitis hospitalisation (15%–17%), and its rate has significantly increased. The highest hospitalisation rates occurred in the <1 year age group (5.8/100 000) and varied by location (highest in Northern Territory). The majority (58.9%) of hospitalised encephalitis had no cause identified; this proportion was highest in the <1 year age group (77%). The most common specified infectious causes included: herpes simplex virus, enterovirus, bacterial meningoencephalitis and varicella. When aggregated, the proportion of childhood encephalitis coded as viral was 21.2%.

Conclusion Hospitalisation of childhood encephalitis has slightly decreased in Australia. High rates of childhood immunisation have been associated with a reduction of varicella-associated encephalitis in Australian children. ADEM, an immune-mediated encephalitis, is the most common recognised cause of encephalitis in children. Young children (<1 year) have the highest admission rates. The high proportion of ‘unspecified’ encephalitis deaths and hospitalisations is an ongoing challenge.

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

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