Épidémiologie et physiopathologie des infections ostéoarticulaires chez l'enfant (nouveau-né exclu)Epidemiology and physiopathology of osteoarticular infections in children (newborns except)

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Résumé

Bien que rares chez le nourrisson et l'enfant, les infections ostéoarticulaires représentent une urgence diagnostique et thérapeutique. Leur incidence est restée stable dans les pays industrialisés depuis 20 ans. Leur évolution a été transformée par les antibiotiques, et les séquelles sont devenues rares. Certaines spécificités en pédiatrie s'expliquent par quelques particularités physiopathologiques: un mode d'inoculation principalement bactériémique correspondant à une écologie microbienne particulière, une anatomie vasculaire et tissulaire favorisant l'extension articulaire chez le jeune nourrisson et le risque séquellaire déformatif. Un terrain généralement sain, un os richement vascularisé permettant la diffusion des antibiotiques, réduisent ainsi le risque d'échec thérapeutique et le passage à la chronicité. Les facteurs de virulence bactériens ne sont connus que pour le principal agent pathogéne, Staphylococcus aureus et expliquent sa prédominance (quel que soit l'âge) ainsi que le risque potentiel d'évolution vers la chronicité et la constitution de séquestres, principalement chez l'adulte.

Abstract

Although rare, osteoarticular infections constitute a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency in infants and children. Their incidence has remained stable in the industrialized countries for 20 years. Their evolution has been transformed with the use of antibiotics, mortality has become exceptional and sequelae became rare. Some paediatric specificities of this type of infection are explained by many physiopathological characteristics: bacteriemic inoculation is predominant and corresponds to a particular microbial etiology, the specific vascular and tissue anatomy explains the propensity of articular extension in young infant and the risk of growth sequelae. A generally healthy and richly vascularized ground allows the diffusion of antibiotics and reduces the therapeutic risk of failure and chronicity. Bacterial virulence factors are known principally from a single but prominent agent, Staphylococcus aureus and explain its prevalence (whatever the age) and the potential risk of evolution towards chronicity and the constitution of bone abscesses in adults.

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