Capillary gas chromatographic profiling of total long-chain fatty acids cholesterol in biological materials
Abstract
The profiling of total long-chain fatty acids and cholesterol in a variety of biological materials, using capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, is described. The within-run precision and day-to-dy precision for fifteen fatty acids and cholesterol in erythrocyte samples were investigated. Quantitative data on the analysis of amniotic fluid samples collected from the women in the 30th week are given together with a correlation study on their lecithin/sphingomyelin and their palmitic acid/stearic ratios. In addition, the method was applied to lumbar cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, isolated leukemia blood cells and neuroblastoma tissue.
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Cited by (147)
Intraintestinal fermentation of fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides and the fate of short-chain fatty acids in humans
2024, iScienceConsumption of fructo- (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) has health benefits which have been linked in part to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production by the gut microbiota. However, detailed knowledge of this process in the human intestine is lacking. We aimed to determine the acute fermentation kinetics of a FOS:GOS mixture in healthy males using a naso-intestinal catheter for sampling directly in the ileum or colon. We studied the fate of SCFA as substrates for glucose and lipid metabolism by the host after infusion of 13C-SCFA. In the human distal ileum, no fermentation of FOS:GOS, nor SCFA production, or bacterial cross-feeding was observed. The relative composition of intestinal microbiota changed rapidly during the test day, which demonstrates the relevance of postprandial intestinal sampling to track acute responses of the microbial community toward interventions. SCFA were vividly taken up and metabolized by the host as shown by incorporation of 13C in various host metabolites.
Enhanced lipid productivity in AGP knockout marine microalga Tetraselmis sp. using a DNA-free CRISPR-Cas9 RNP method
2020, Bioresource TechnologyA marine green microalga, Tetraselmis sp., has been studied for the production of biomass and lipids in seawater culture. Since carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis are competitive metabolic pathways, we attempted to increase lipid synthesis in Tetraselmis by inhibiting carbohydrate synthesis. The main regulatory enzyme in the starch synthesis pathway is ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP). AGP loss-of-function mutants were developed using the CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery system. AGP mutants showed a slight decrease in growth. However, the lipid content in two AGP mutants was significantly enhanced by 2.7 and 3.1 fold (21.1% and 24.1% of DCW), respectively, compared to that in the wild type (7.68% of DCW) under nitrogen starvation. This study is an example of metabolic engineering by genetic editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 RNP method in marine green microalgae. Consequently, starchless Tetraselmis mutants might be considered potential producers of lipids in seawater cultures.
Effects of perioperative intravenous ω-3 fatty acids in colon cancer patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
2020, American Journal of Clinical NutritionThe postoperative inflammatory response contributes to tissue healing and recovery but overwhelming inflammation is associated with postoperative complications. n–3 (ω-3) PUFAs modulate inflammatory responses and may help to prevent a proinflammatory cascade.
We aimed to investigate the effects of perioperative intravenous n–3 PUFAs on inflammatory cytokines in colon cancer surgery.
This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Forty-four patients undergoing elective colon resection for nonmetastasized cancer were randomly assigned to 2 intravenous n–3 PUFA or saline control infusions the night before and the morning after surgery. Blood was sampled at 6 perioperative time points for changes in cytokines in serum and in LPS-stimulated whole blood samples and leukocyte membrane fatty acid profiles.
Twenty-three patients received saline and 21 patients received n–3 PUFAs. Patient and operation characteristics were equal between groups, except for open resection (saline n = 5 compared with n–3 PUFA n = 0, P = 0.056). Ex-vivo IL-6 after LPS stimulation was significantly higher in the n–3 PUFA group at the first day after surgery (P = 0.014), but not different at the second day after surgery (P = 0.467). White blood cell count was higher in the n–3 PUFA group at the fourth day after surgery (P = 0.029). There were more patients with infectious complications in the n–3 PUFA group (8 compared with 3, P = 0.036). There were no overall differences in serum IL-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein, and length of stay. The administration of n–3 PUFAs resulted in rapid increases in leukocyte membrane n–3 PUFA content.
In the n–3 PUFA group a clear relation with serum and LPS-stimulated cytokines was not found but, unexpectedly, more infectious complications occurred. Caution is thus required with the off-label use of a perioperative intravenous n–3 PUFA emulsion as a standalone infusion in the time sequence reported in the present study in colon resections with primary anastomosis. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02231203.
Gestational oxidative stress protects against adult obesity and insulin resistance
2020, Redox BiologyPregnancy complications such as preeclampsia cause increased fetal oxidative stress and fetal growth restriction, and associate with a higher incidence of adult metabolic syndrome. However, the pathophysiological contribution of oxidative stress per se is experimentally difficult to discern and has not been investigated. This study determined, if increased intrauterine oxidative stress (IUOx) affects adiposity, glucose and cholesterol metabolism in adult Ldlr−/−xSod2+/+ offspring from crossing male Ldlr−/−xSod2+/+ mice with Ldlr−/−xSod2 +/- dams (IUOx) or Ldlr−/−xSod2 +/- males with Ldlr−/−xSod2+/+ dams (control). At 12 weeks of age mice received Western diet for an additional 12 weeks. Adult male IUOx offspring displayed lower body weight and reduced adiposity associated with improved glucose tolerance compared to controls. Reduced weight gain in IUOx was conceivably due to increased energy dissipation in white adipose tissue conveyed by higher expression of Ucp1 and an accompanying decrease in DNA methylation in the Ucp1 enhancer region. Female offspring did not show comparable phenotypes. These results demonstrate that fetal oxidative stress protects against the obesogenic effects of Western diet in adulthood by programming energy dissipation in white adipose tissue at the level of Ucp1.
Fish oil supplemental dose needed to reach 1 g% DHA+EPA in mature milk
2018, Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty AcidsErythrocyte (RBC) DHA+EPA is considered optimal at 8 g%. Mothers with lifetime high fish intakes exhibiting this status produce milk with about 1 g% DHA+EPA. We established DHA+EPA supplemental dosages needed to augment RBC DHA+EPA to 8 g% and milk DHA+EPA to 1 g%.
Pregnant women were randomly allocated to DHA+EPA dosages of: 225+90 (n=9), 450+180 (n=9), 675+270 (n=11) and 900+360 (n=7) mg/day. Samples were collected at 20 and 36 gestational weeks and 4 weeks postpartum.
Linear regression revealed needed dosages rounded at 750 mg/day to reach 8 g% RBC DHA+EPA and 1000 mg/day for 1 g% milk DHA+EPA. RBC DHA+EPA increment depended on baseline values. There was no effect on milk AA, but milk EPA/AA ratio increased.
Women with an RBC DHA+EPA status of 5.5 g% need 750 and 1000 mg DHA+EPA/day to reach 8 g% RBC DHA+EPA at the pregnancy end and 1 g% mature milk DHA+EPA, respectively.
Neonatal fatty acid status and cardiometabolic health at 9 years
2016, Early Human DevelopmentLong chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) status is associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. We previously demonstrated no effect of LCPUFA supplementation after birth on BP and anthropometrics. Little is known about the association between fatty acid status at birth and cardiometabolic health at older ages.
To evaluate associations between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) levels in the umbilical cord and blood pressure (BP) and anthropometrics at 9 years.
Observational follow-up study. Multivariable analyses were carried out to adjust for potential confounders.
229 children who took part in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the effects of LCPUFA formula supplementation.
BP was chosen as primary outcome; heart rate and anthropometrics as secondary outcomes.
AA levels in the wall of the umbilical vein and artery were negatively associated with diastolic BP (B: vein − 0.831, 95% CI: − 1.578; − 0.083, p = 0.030; artery: − 0.605, 95% CI: − 1.200; − 0.010, p = 0.046). AA was not associated with systolic BP; DHA not with diastolic nor systolic BP. The AA:DHA ratio in the umbilical vein was negatively associated with diastolic BP (B: − 1.738, 95% CI: − 3.141; − 0.335, p = 0.015). Heart rate and anthropometrics were not associated with neonatal LCPUFA status.
Higher AA levels and a higher AA:DHA ratio at birth are associated with lower diastolic BP at age 9. This suggests that the effect of LCPUFAs at early age is different from that in adults, where DHA is regarded anti-adipogenic and AA as adipogenic.