Injuries to children in automobiles in relation to seating location and restraint use☆
References (34)
Patterns in the seating location and injury level reported for children in automobile accidents
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Passive vs active = life vs death
Cited by (49)
Change in seating position of children in towaway crashes from 1989 to 2019
2021, Accident Analysis and PreventionCitation Excerpt :The rear seat was considered safer. In the 1970s–80s, several studies found lower crash injury and death risks with occupants in rear seats of vehicles, including about a 26% lower risk for children and adults (Williams and Zador, 1977; Evans and Frick, 1988; Partyka, 1988). Most of the studies focused on frontal crashes where the occupants at the greatest distance from the point of impact and intrusion had lower risks for death (Evans and Frick, 1988).
Child passenger safety laws in the United States, 1978-2010: Policy diffusion in the absence of strong federal intervention
2014, Social Science and MedicineCitation Excerpt :The lag time is particularly long for rear seating laws. The safety benefits of rear seating were reported by scientists as early as 1977 (Williams & Zador, 1977). After a series of reports on the danger of airbag-associated injuries to children riding in the front seat (CDC, 1995, 1996a, 1996b; Hollands, Winston, Stafford, & Shochat, 1996), NHTSA launched a campaign encouraging rear seating of child passengers in 1996 (Kindelberger & Starnes, 2003).
Individual factors affecting the risk of death for rear-seated passengers in road crashes
2006, Accident Analysis and PreventionCitation Excerpt :The 44% reduction in the risk of death for restrained rear-seated passengers in our study is identical to that previously reported in a study based on the double pair method that assessed the effectiveness of back seat outboard lap/shoulder belts (Morgan, 1999). Although many previous studies detected a decreased risk of death or severe injury for rear-seated passengers in comparison to front-seated ones (Evans and Frick, 1988; Huelke and Compton, 1995; Smith and Cummings, 2004), particularly in the case of children (Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety, 2003; Berg et al., 2000; Braver et al., 1998; Durbin et al., 2005; Glass et al., 2000; Petridou et al., 1998; Williams and Zador, 1977), few studies have examined the differences between specific rear-seat positions (Braver et al., 1998; Evans and Frick, 1988; Lund, 2005). Although the present study is not directly comparable with them, our results are in partial agreement with studies that detected a lower risk for the central rear position in comparison to either of the outboard positions (Braver et al., 1998; Evans and Frick, 1988) and also with the higher risk related with the left-rear seating position described by O’Donnell and Connor (1996).
The effect of seating location on the injury of properly restrained children in child safety seats
2005, Accident Analysis and PreventionCitation Excerpt :Existing literature also suggests that seating position has an effect on the injury and fatality rate of motor vehicle passengers. Several studies have shown that occupants in rear seating positions have a reduced risk of fatality and injury when compared to front seated occupants (Williams and Zador, 1977; Glass et al., 2000; Evans and Frick, 1988). Most recently, Smith and Cummings (2004) estimated that a rear seating position reduces the risk of death by about 39% and the risk of death or serious injury by 33%.
Factors associated with rear seating of children in motor vehicles: A study in two low-income, predominantly Hispanic communities
2004, Accident Analysis and PreventionCitation Excerpt :Baker et al. (1998) found that the death rate per billion vehicle-miles traveled was 60% higher for Hispanic children aged 5–12 compared to non-Hispanic white children. Seating children in the back seat of motor vehicles has been shown to reduce the risk of injury or fatality in a crash (Williams and Zador, 1977; Huelke and Lawson, 1978; Evans and Frick, 1988; Berg et al., 2000; Glass et al., 2000; Durbin et al., 2001; Winston et al., 2001). Braver et al. (1998) found that the fatality risk was 36% lower for children aged 12 and under seated in back compared to those seated in front (95% CI for RR 1.49–1.64).
Predictors of seat-belt use among school-aged children in two low-income Hispanic communities
2002, American Journal of Preventive Medicine
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The data reported in this study were obtained from the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center in the form of cross-tabulations. We are indebted to B.J. Campbell and Eric Rodgman for their cooperation and assistance in providing these data. This report does not necessarily reflect the views of the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center.