Table 2

Impact of coeliac disease on school achievement at ninth grade completion, taking child and parental characteristics into account

Child and parental characteristics		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
Child and parental characteristics		b	95% CI	b	95% CI	b	95% CI	b	95% CI
Coeliac disease status	No	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
	Yes	2.8	–0.2 to 5.8	–0.5	−3.5 to 2.5	−0.6	−3.7 to 2.4	−2.4	−5.1 to 0.4
Sex	Male			Ref		Ref		Ref
	Female			22.4**	21.9 to 22.7	22.5**	22.1 to 22.9	22.5**	22.2 to 22.9
Year of birth	1991			Ref		Ref		Ref
	1992			2.1**	1.5 to 2.6	1.9**	1.5 to 2.5	−0.6*	−1.1 to −0.1
	1993			2.9**	2.5 to 3.5	2.9**	2.4 to 3.5	−1.4**	−1.9 to −0.9
	1994			3.1**	2.6 to 3.6	2.9**	2.4 to 3.5	−2.5**	−2.9 to −1.9
Apgar score at 5 min	7–10					Ref		Ref
	<7					−1.8	−4.1 to 0.5	−1.0	−3.1 to 1.1
Small for gestational age	No					Ref		Ref
	Yes					−10.8**	−12.0 to −9.5	−6.9**	−8.0 to −5.7
Family type	Married/cohabiting							Ref
	Single							−20.6**	−20.9 to −20.2
Parental education	≤9 years schooling							Ref
	Upper secondary							21.5**	20.5 to 22.5
	University <2 years							42.5**	41.3 to 43.6
	University ≥2 years							52.5**	51.5 to 53.5
Mother’s income	Low							Ref
	Middle							5.5**	5.0 to 5.9
	High							15.4**	14.9 to 15.8
Father’s income	Low							Ref
	Middle							9.3**	8.8 to 9.7
	High							22.1**	21.6 to 22.5

Model 1 contains only coeliac disease status, model 2 contains coeliac disease status plus children’s demographic characteristics, model 3 contains model 2 plus children’s health characteristics, and model 4 contains model 3 plus parental characteristic.
Ordinary least squares regression, b=unstandardised coefficients, n=445 669.
*p<0.05; **p<0.001.