Characteristics | Cases (n=55) | Controls (n=110) | OR (95% CI)* | p Value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
WHO characteristics | ||||
Impaired consciousness (GCS<15) | 39/55 (70.9%) | 5/110 (4.5%) | 51 (18 to 149) | <0.0001 |
Seizure | 9/55 (16.4%) | 0/110 (0%) | 45 (2.6 to 792)† | <0.0001 |
Circulatory collapse | 13/55 (23.6%) | 1/110 (0.9%) | 34 (4.0 to 266) | <0.0001 |
Respiratory distress | 4/55 (7.3%) | 2/110 (1.8%) | 4.2 (0.8 to 24) | 0.08 |
Coagulation disorders | 2/55 (3.5%) | 1/110 (0.9%) | 4.1 (0.4 to 46) | 0.21 |
Jaundice | 8/55 (14.6%) | 14/110 (12.7%) | 1.2 (0.5 to 3.0) | 0.75 |
Renal failure | 11/55 (20.0%) | 1/110 (0.9%) | 27 (3.4 to 217) | <0.0001 |
Haemoglobinuria | 6/55 (10.9%) | 3/110 (2.7%) | 4.4 (1.0 to 18) | 0.03 |
Hypoglycaemia (<2.2 mmol/L) | 2/49 (4.1%) | 0/67 (0%) | 7.1 (0.3 to 151)† | 0.10 |
Anaemia (<50 g/L) | 4/54 (7.4%) | 2/101 (2.0%) | 4.0 (0.7 to 22) | 0.01 |
Parasitaemia (> 10%) | 15/50 (30.0%) | 8/98 (8.2%) | 4.8 (1.9 to 12) | <0.001 |
Acidosis‡ | 18/47 (38.3%) | 0/79 (0%) | 100 (5.8 to 1708)† | <0.0001 |
Hyperlactataemia >5 mmol/L | 5/29 (17.2%) | 0/3 (0%) | 1.6 (0.1 to 35)† | 0.43 |
Bilirubin concentration >50 µmol/L | 10/40 (25.0%) | 5/65 (7.7%) | 4 (1.3 to 13) | 0.01 |
Additional characteristics | ||||
Anaemia (<70 g/L) | 22/54 (40.7%) | 13/101 (12.9%) | 4.7 (2.1 to 10) | <0.0001 |
Thrombocytopenia (<50 000 platelets/mm3) | 25/54 (46.3%) | 7/102 (6.9%) | 11.7 (4.6 to 30) | <0.0001 |
C reactive protein (mg/L), mean±SD | 126±78 | 67±53 | <0.0001§ | |
White cell counts (cells/mm3), mean±SD | 10.5±8.3 | 7.6±3.1 | 0.06§ | |
Neutrophil counts (cells/mm3) mean±SD | 5.7±3.9 | 4.3±2.2 | 0.04§ |
Cases: Children hospitalised in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs); Controls: Children not hospitalised in PICUs.
*Fisher's exact test.
†An approximate OR was calculated by adding 0.5 to each cell.
‡Acidosis was defined as HCO3− concentration <15 mmol/L and/or base excess >−10 and/or pH <7.35.
§Wilcoxon rank sum test.
GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale.