Observation window | Event rates* | Significance | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Study | Year | Induction | Anaesthesia | Emergence | Recovery | ETS+ | ETS− | (##—##)=95% CI |
Grouped respiratory adverse events (RAEs) | Drongowski | 2003 | 7/57 | 13/89 | NS | ||||
25/57 | 33/89 | NS | |||||||
30/57 | 24/89 | p<0.01 | |||||||
Kim | 2013 | 13/28 | 32/131 | OR 2.68 (1.15–6.23) | |||||
Parnis | 2001 | No data | No data | Significant variable in logistic regression | |||||
Seyidov | 2011 | 50/234 | 8/151 | p < 0.005 Dose–response effect observed (p=0.001) | |||||
Skolnick | 1998 | 8/137 | 17/365 | p=0.01 for increased RAEs along ETS exposure gradient | |||||
Tait | 2001 | No data | No data | RR 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | |||||
Thikkurissy | 2012 | No data | No data | No significance reported | |||||
Laryngospasm | Jones | 2006 | 35/168 | 10/237 | p < 0.001 | ||||
Lakshmipathy | 1996 | 9/96 | 2/214 | RR 10.0 (2.2–45.6) | |||||
Lyons | 1996 | 2/63 | 0/62 | NS | |||||
Mamie | 2004 | No data | No data | NS in univariate and multivariate analyses | |||||
O'Rourke | 2006 | 0/54 | 0/54 | None applied | |||||
Tütüncü | 2012 | 6/100 | 2/50 | None applied | |||||
Ungern Sternberg | 2010 | 99/1075 | 252/8222 | RR 3.01 (2.40–3.76) | |||||
Breath holding | Jones | 2006 | 25/168 | 14/237 | p=0.003 | ||||
Lyons | 1996 | 1/63 | 3/62 | NS | |||||
Bronchospasm | Jones | 2006 | 14/168 | 2/237 | p<0.001 | ||||
Lyons | 1996 | 0/63 | 0/62 | NS | |||||
O'Rourke | 2006 | 0/54 | 0/54 | None applied | |||||
Tütüncü | 2012 | 3/100 | 0/50 | None applied | |||||
Ungern Sternberg | 2010 | 49/1075 | 144/8222 | RR 2.60 (1.89–3.58) | |||||
Hypersecretion | Jones | 2006 | 63/168 | 20/237 | p<0.001 | ||||
Tütüncü | 2012 | 18/100 | 4/50 | None applied | |||||
Obstruction | Jones | 2006 | 48/168 | 25/237 | p < 0.001 | ||||
Lyons | 1996 | 0/63 | 0/62 | NS | |||||
Cough | Lyons | 1996 | 6/63 | 2/62 | NS | ||||
O'Rourke | 2006 | 3/54 | 4/54 | None applied | |||||
Tütüncü | 2012 | 13/100 | 4/50 | None applied | |||||
Desaturation | Lyons | 1996 | 5/63 | 2/62 | NS | ||||
19/63 | 7/62 | NS | |||||||
O'Rourke | 2006 | 1/54 | 0/54 | None applied | |||||
Tütüncü | 2012 | 13/100 | 6/50 | None applied | |||||
Peak-expiratory flow rate | O'Rourke | 2006 | Significantly lower preoperative peak-expiratory flow rate (9.5 points than predicted, p=0.03) in ETS+ children compared with ETS− | ||||||
Neuromuscular blockade | Reisli | 2004 | Time to neuromuscular blockade (measured as T95 and T25 values with rocuronium) was significantly shorter for ETS+ children |
*Italic data inferred where only percentages available; bold data selected for inclusion in systematic review.
CI, confidence interval; ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; NS, non-significant; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk.