Mean difference in birth length (cm) and length growth rates (cm/month) in each time period between ethnic groups (Pakistani relative to white British) by sex estimated from multilevel models
| Mean (SD) unadjusted growth rate for white British group | Unadjusted difference between Pakistani and white British groups | Adjusted for gestational age | Adjusted for smoking during pregnancy | Adjusted for maternal height | Adjusted for all | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time period | Mean difference | 95% CI | Mean difference | 95% CI | Mean difference | 95% CI | Mean difference | 95% CI | Mean difference | 95% CI | |
| Boys | |||||||||||
| Birth | 48.85 (1.33) | −0.51 | (−1.04 to 0.02) | −0.69 | (−1.19 to −0.20) | −0.78 | (−1.34 to −0.22) | −0.29 | (−0.82 to 0.25) | −0.75 | (−1.27 to −0.23) |
| 0–4 months | 3.89 (0.38) | 0.31 | (0.10 to 0.53) | 0.33 | (0.12 to 0.54) | 0.29 | (0.07 to 0.52) | 0.39 | (0.17 to 0.61) | 0.40 | (0.17 to 0.63) |
| 4–9 months | 1.61 (0.30) | −0.07 | (−0.25 to 0.10) | −0.05 | (−0.22 to 0.12) | −0.04 | (−0.22 to 0.14) | −0.05 | (−0.23 to 0.13) | 0.00 | (−0.18 to 0.18) |
| 9–24 months | 0.93 (0.05) | 0.02 | (−0.02 to 0.06) | 0.01 | (−0.02 to 0.05) | 0.01 | (−0.03 to 0.05) | 0.03 | (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.02 | (−0.02 to 0.07) |
| Girls | |||||||||||
| Birth | 48.35 (1.16) | −0.47 | (−0.91 to −0.03) | −0.44 | (−0.84 to −0.03) | −0.71 | (−1.17 to −0.25) | −0.17 | (−0.62 to 0.29) | −0.39 | (−0.83 to 0.05) |
| 0–4 months | 3.54 (0.40) | 0.40 | (0.20 to 0.59) | 0.37 | (0.18 to 0.57) | 0.38 | (0.18 to 0.58) | 0.47 | (0.27 to 0.67) | 0.44 | (0.24 to 0.64) |
| 4–9 months | 1.63 (0.27) | −0.05 | (−0.21 to 0.11) | −0.04 | (−0.20 to 0.12) | −0.02 | (−0.18 to 0.15) | −0.01 | (−0.18 to 0.16) | 0.03 | (−0.14 to 0.20) |
| 9–24 months | 0.94 (0.05) | 0.01 | (−0.03 to 0.05) | 0.01 | (−0.03 to 0.05) | 0.01 | (−0.03 to 0.05) | 0.03 | (−0.01 to 0.06) | 0.02 | (−0.02 to 0.06) |