Table 1

The sports participated in, symptoms, medications, diagnosis and intervention of the elite athletes identified

PatientAge at first symptom (years)SexSportSymptomsMedicationDiagnosisInterventionOutcome
117FNetballPalpitationsVerapamilAVNRTCryoablationReturn to sport
210MFootballPalpitationsAtenolol+flecainideAVRTRFAReturn to sport
315FRugbyCollapseNilVasovagal syncopeLoop recorderReturn to sport
414MJudoAsymptomatic bradycardiaNilComplete heart blockPacemakerAdvise
non-contact sport
510MFootballAsymptomatic bradycardiaNilHigh vagal toneEPSReturn to sport
610MKaratePalpitationsNilWPWRFAReturn to sport
710MTriple jumpPalpitationsNilAVNRTEPSReturn to sport
812MCanoeingPalpitationsFlecainideWPW, AFEPS+RFA+PacemakerReturn to sport
914MFootballPalpitationsFlecainideWPWRFAReturn to sport
1016MRally car drivingPalpitationsFlecainideAVNRTRFAReturn to sport
1114MRugbyPalpitationsFlecainideAVNRTCryoablationReturn to sport
  • AF, atrial fibrillation; AVNRT, atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia; AVRT, atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia; EPS, electrophysiological study; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; WPW, Wolf Parkinson White syndrome.