Table 5 Wessex-controlled trial subgroup: effect of birth in a period with universal newborn screening (UNS) on reading and communication z scores in children with permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) at primary school age

Z scores‡	Born in periods with/without UNS
	No		Group mean* z score‡ (SD)		Unadjusted* mean difference (95% CI) (a−b)	p Value	Adjusted† mean difference (95% CI)	p Value
	With UNS	Without UNS	With UNS (a)	Without UNS (b)	Unadjusted* mean difference (95% CI) (a−b)	p Value	Adjusted† mean difference (95% CI)	p Value
WORD aggregate reading	21	20	−0.64 (1.30)	−1.15 (1.14)	0.51 (−0.26 to 1.29)	0.19	0.58 (0.026 to 1.13)	0.04
VABS communication scale	21	19	−0.42 (−1.30)	−0.74 (1.16)	0.32 (−0.47 to 1.11)	0.41	0.52 (−0.21 to 1.24)	0.16

*Adjusted only for age at assessment.
†Adjusted, in a linear regression model, for severity of PCHI, maternal educational qualifications and Ravens Coloured Progressive Matrices (non-verbal ability) score.
‡Negative scores indicate that scores were lower than those seen in the normally hearing comparison group.1
VABS, Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales; WORD, Weschler Objective Reading Dimensions.