Inter-observer agreement between four clinicians in the signs of shock
| Feature | Kappa (κ) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Interpretation of kappa statistic:16 | ||
| Below 0, poor agreement | ||
| 0–0.2, slight | ||
| 0.2–0.4, fair | ||
| 0.41–0.6, moderate | ||
| 0.61–0.8, substantial | ||
| 0.81–1.0, almost perfect agreement. | ||
| Capillary refill time | ||
| 1 | 0.48 | 0.34 to 0.62 |
| 2 | 0.37 | 0.25 to 0.49 |
| 3 | 0.35 | 0.23 to 0.47 |
| 4 | 0.49 | 0.35 to 0.63 |
| Combined | 0.42 | 0.29 to 0.55 |
| Temperature gradient | ||
| Upper limb | 0.57 | 0.42 to 0.72 |
| Lower limb | 0.62 | 0.47 to 0.77 |
| Pulse volume | ||
| Weak | 0.40 | 0.28 to 0.52 |
| Normal | 0.30 | 0.19 to 0.41 |
| Strong/bounding | −0.01 | |
| Dehydration | ||
| Dry mucous membranes | 0.39 | 0.27 to 0.51 |
| Decreased skin turgor | 0.55 | 0.40 to 0.70 |
| Sunken eyes | 0.34 | 0.23 to 0.45 |