Holland (1982)20 | USA | 10/10 | Children 2 months – 10 years (mean 4.75 years) | Reflux grade* II–IV, with normal renal function and blood pressure | Antibiotic: trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole or nitrofurantoin 1 mg/kg | Both groups: 5 month – 36 months (mean 17 months) |
|
| | | Source: not stated | | Combined: reimplantation (not specified) and antibiotics | | |
BRS (1987)21–23 | UK | 179/161 | Children <15 years | Reflux grade II with scarring or grade III, IV, V in absence of UTI within last 12 months | Antibiotic: trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin 1–2 mg/kg | Antibiotic: 2 year if resolution of reflux or 5 years |
-
UTI – culture positive
-
Renal damage†
-
GFR‡
-
Resolution of reflux
-
Renal length
|
| | | Source: GP, paediatrician referrals, hospital casualty | | Combined: PL or Cohen reimplantation and antibiotics | Combined: 2 years | |
Morris (1991)19 | New Zealand | 138/118 | Children 6 months – 10 years | Reflux grade III–IV, no major urological abnormality | Antibiotic: type and dose not stated | Antibiotic: 2 years |
-
UTI – culture positive
-
GFR
-
Resolution of reflux
|
| | | Source: not stated | | Combined: Cohen reimplantation and antibiotics | Combined: 3 months | |
IRS Europe (1992)1524–32 | Europe | 321/302 | Children 6 days – 11 years | Reflux grade III or IV, no major urinary tract abnormality, no previous urinary tract surgery, creatinine normal | Antibiotic: nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim 1–2 mg/kg | Antibiotic: resolution of reflux or 5 years |
-
UTI – culture positive
-
Renal damage†
-
Obstruction post-op
-
Resolution of reflux
-
Renal length
|
| | | Source: university teaching hospitals | | Combined: PL, Cohen, LG reimplantation and antibiotics | Combined: 6 months | |
IRS US (1992)33–35 | USA | 142/132 | Children <10 years | Reflux grade III or IV, no major urinary tract abnormality, no previous urinary tract surgery, creatinine normal | Antibiotic: nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim 1–2 mg/kg | Antibiotic: resolution of reflux or 5 years |
-
UTI – culture positive
-
Renal damage†
-
Resolution of reflux
-
Renal area
|
| | | Source: university teaching hospitals | | Combined: PL, Cohen, or other reimplantation and antibiotics | Combined: 6 months | |
Reddy (1997)18 | USA | 43/29 | Children: age range not stated | Reflux grade not stated, newly diagnosed | Antibiotic prophylaxis: antibiotic not specified | Antibiotic: 1 year |
-
UTI
-
Renal damage¶
-
Resolution of reflux
|
| | | Source: university teaching hospital | | No treatment: daily urine nitrate | | |
| | | | | Intermittent antibiotics 3 times per wk | | |
Smellie (2001)36 | UK | 53/50 | Children 1–12 years | Reflux grade III–V with bilateral abnormal IVP, no major urological abnormality | Antibiotic: nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole 1–2 mg/kg | Antibiotic: variable |
-
UTI – culture positive
-
Renal damage†
-
GFR (change)
-
Renal length (change)
|
| | | Source: university teaching hospital | | Combined: Cohen and antibiotics | Combined: 6 months | |
Capozza (2002)5 | Italy | 61/60 | Children > 1 year | Reflux grade II–IV for ≥6 mth, no major urological abnormality, no recurrent UTI | Antibiotic: Not specified | Antibiotic: 1 year |
-
UTI
-
Renal damage§¶
-
GFR (change)
-
Resolution of reflux
|
| | | Source: university teaching hospital | | Combined: Dx/HA copolymer implantation and antibiotics | Combined: 1 month | |