Table 1

Consequences of childhood obesity in childhood: references appraised

First author, yearReferenceEvidence level
++, indicates that all or most methodological quality criteria met, conclusions have low risk of bias.6–8
+, indicates that some criteria not met or inadequately described, but conclusions have low risk of bias.
Psychological
Epstein, 1994Int J Eat Disord15:151–72++
Israel, 1985J Pediatr Psychol10:449–592+
Strauss, 2000Pediatrics105:e152+
Erickson, 2000Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med154:931–52+
Phillips, 1998Int J Obes22:287–932+
Asthma
Figeroa-Munoz, 2001Thorax56:133–72+
Chinn, 2001Thorax56:845–502+
Belamerich, 2000Pediatrics106:1436–412+
Castro-Rodriguez, 2001Am J Respir Crit Care Med163:1344–92+
Von Mutius, 2001Thorax56:835–82+
Chronic inflammation
Ford, 2001J Pediatr138:486–922+
Cook, 2000Atherosclerosis149:139–502+
Visser, 2001 Pediatrics 107 2+
Other
Hypponen, 2000Diabet Care23:1755–602++
Riddiford-Harland, 2000Int J Obes24:541–42+
Dietz, 1998Pediatrics101:518–254
Cardiovascular risk factors
Martin, 1973J Pediatr82:192–2012++
Smoak, 1987Am J Epidemiol125:364–722+
Freedman, 1987Am J Clin Nutr46:403–102++
Freedman, 1989Am J Clin Nutr50:930–92++
Wattigney, 1991Arch Intern Med151:2017–222++
Le Stunff, 1994Diabetes43:696–7022+
Shea, 1994Pediatrics84:465–702+
Wabitsch, 1994Am J Clin Nutr60:54–602++
Daniels, 1995Circulation92:3249–542++
Monti, 1995Diabetologia38:739–472++
Urbina, 1995Circulation91:2400–62++
McGill, 1995Arterioscler Thromb Biol15:431–402++
Gidding, 1995J Pediatr127:868–742++
Caprio, 1996Am J Clin Nutr64:12–172++
Bao, 1997JAMA278:1749–542++
Nain-Feng, 1998Am J Clin Nutr67:1141–62++
Gutin, 1998J Pediatr132:1023–72++
Berenson, 1998N Engl J Med338:1050–62++
Washino, 1999Paediatrics Int41:260–52+
Freedman, 1999aAm J Clin Nutr69:308–172+
Freedman, 1999bPediatrics103:1175–822++
Morrison, 1999aJ Pediatr135:451–72++
Morrison, 1999bJ Pediatr135:458–642++
Cowin, 2000Int J Obes24:330–92+
Higgins, 2001Obes Res9:233–403+
Maffeis, 2001Obes Res9:179–872++
Young, 2000J Pediatr136:365–93+
Tounian, 2001Lancet358:1400–43+
Qing He, 2000Hypertension36:165–702+
Mamalakis, 2001Prev Med33:525–5352+
Chu, 2000Int J Obes24:1265–712+