Abnormalities in history, on examination or investigation of children presenting with voiding dysfunction
| MRI normal* (n=43) | MRI abnormal (n=5) | |
|---|---|---|
| *Including those with unrelated abnormality on MRI spine. | ||
| †Other = sensation of incomplete emptying. | ||
| ‡Included the following in isolation or combination: brisk lower limb reflexes (n=4), talipes equinovarus (n=1), absent ankle reflexes (n=1), pes cavus (n=1). | ||
| §As detailed in text, excluding failure of fusion L5/ S1 vertebral arches. | ||
| ¶As detailed in text. | ||
| Urinary symptoms | ||
| Daytime wetting | 41 | 4 |
| Impaired bladder sensation | 4 | 2 |
| Difficulty voiding | 2 | 1 |
| Urinary retention | 0 | 1 |
| Other† | 1 | 0 |
| UTI | 18 | 4 |
| Other symptoms/features from history | ||
| Constipation/faecal soiling | 22 | 1 |
| Family history spina bifida | 4 | 0 |
| Maternal pregestational diabetes mellitus | 2 | 0 |
| Neurofibromatosis type 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Clinical findings | ||
| Lower limb neuro-orthopaedic abnormalities‡ | 4 | 2 |
| Cutaneous abnormalities overlying lumbosacral spine | 10 | 2 |
| Anorectal anomaly | 0 | 2 |
| Investigations other than MRI spine | ||
| Abnormal lumbosacral spine x ray§ | 5 | 1 |
| Incomplete bladder emptying on ultrasound scan | 8 | 1 |
| Urodynamic studies suggestive of neuropathic vesicourethral dysfunction¶ | 3 | 4 |