Uncal | Unilateral fixed dilated pupil |
Unilateral ptosis | |
Minimal deviation of eyes on oculocephalic/oculovestibular testing | |
Hemiparesis | |
Diencephalic | Small or midpoint pupils reactive to light |
Full deviation of eyes on oculocephalic/oculovestibular testing | |
Flexor response to pain and/or decorticate posturing | |
Hypertonia and/or hypereflexia with extensor plantars | |
Cheyne–Stokes respiration | |
Midbrain/upper pontine | Midpoint pupils, fixed to light |
Minimal deviation of eyes on oculocephalic/oculovestibular testing | |
Extensor response to pain and/or decerebrate posturing | |
Hyperventilation | |
Lower pontine | Midpoint pupils, fixed to light |
No response on oculocephalic/oculovestibular testing | |
No response to pain or flexion of legs only | |
Flaccidity with extensor plantars | |
Shallow or ataxic respiration | |
Medullary | Pupils dilated and fixed to light |
Slow, irregular, or gasping respiration | |
Respiratory arrest with adequate cardiac output |
Bold refers to clinical signs of potentially reversible cerebral herniation.