Neonatal tetanus (NT) can be effectively prevented through immunization and clean delivery practices. However, NT claimed the lives of over 433,000 infants in 1991. It is endemic in 90 countries throughout the world. Community-based neonatal tetanus mortality surveys helped to determine the true incidence of NT and revealed that, before immunization and clean delivery programmes were well established, approximately 1 million children contracted NT each year, of which 800,000 died. Mortality rates varied markedly by locale, ranging from 0 to 70 NT deaths per 1,000 live births. NT is still one of the most underreported notifiable diseases, and routine reporting systems identified only 4% of the NT cases estimated to have occurred in 1990. Based on WHO estimates, tetanus toxoid (TT) immunization and clean delivery practices prevented over 793,000 infant deaths in 1991. Of the 433,000 infants who died of NT that year, approximately 212,000 died in South-East Asia; 127,000 in Africa; 46,000 in the Western Pacific; 37,000 in the Eastern Mediterranean; and 1,300 in Europe. The Pan American Health Organization, using a separate methodology to estimate mortality, calculated that 10,500 newborns died of NT in the Region of the Americans. NT consistently clusters in geographical areas and population groups where shared practices or the environment enhance the risk of cord contamination. 80% of the newborns who died of NT in 1991 were born in South-East Asia or Africa. Of the 90 countries endemic for NT, 10% produce 80% of the world's NT deaths. NT also clusters at country level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PIP: Neonatal tetanus (NT) can be effectively prevented through immunization and clean delivery and cord-care practices. However, NT claimed the lives of over 433,000 infants in 1991. It is endemic in 90 countries throughout the world. Community-based neonatal tetanus mortality surveys revealed that, before immunization and clean delivery programs were well established, approximately 1 million children contracted NT each year, of which 800,000 died with mortality rates ranging from 0 to 70 NT deaths per 1000 live births. NT is still one of the most underreported notifiable diseases, and routine reporting systems identified only 4% of the NT cases estimated to have occurred in 1990. Based on World Health Organization estimates, tetanus toxoid (TT) immunization and clean delivery practices prevented over 793,000 infant deaths in 1991. Of the 433,000 infants who died of NT that year, approximately 212,000 died in South-East Asia; 127,000 in Africa; 46,000 in the Western Pacific; 37,000 in the Eastern Mediterranean; and 1300 in Europe. The Pan American Health Organization calculated that 10,500 newborns died of NT in the Americas. Cases cluster in certain geographical areas and groups that share common birth and immunization practices. In Egypt, the risk of NT was 5 times greater in rural than urban areas, as was the risk in Upper Egypt when compared to the Lower Nile region. India alone is responsible for over 20% of the world's NT mortality. In Pakistan mothers of infants diagnosed with NT are at increased risk of having another baby contract the disease. At the global level, between 1987 and 1990, TT immunization levels of women rose only 15%. In 1990, only 43% of pregnant women in developing countries received a protective course of TT. Case investigations and community vital event registries will facilitate the identification of high-risk areas and subgroups.