Recurrence rates for SIDS - the importance of risk stratification

Michael J Campbell ^1*, David M Hall ², Terence Stephenson ³, Christopher John Bacon ⁴ and Jason Madan ¹

¹ University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
² Institute of General Practice and Primary Care, United Kingdom
³ The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
⁴ Foundation for the Study of Infant Deaths, United Kingdom

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: m.j.campbell{at}sheffield.ac.uk.

Accepted 28 April 2008

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the importance of stratification by risk factors in computing the probability of a second SIDS in a family.

Design:Simulation Study

Background:The fact that a baby dies suddenly and unexpectedly means that there is a raised probability that the baby's family have risk factors associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Thus one cannot consider the risk of a subsequent death to be that of the general population. The Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy (CESDI)6 identified three major social risk factors: smoking, age<27 and parity>1, and unemployed/unwaged as major risk factors. It gave estimates of risk for families with different numbers of these risk factors. We investigate whether it is reasonable to assume that, conditional on these risk factors, the risk of a second event is independent of the risk of the first and as a consequence one can square the risks to get the risk of two SIDS in a family. We have used CESDI data to estimate the probability of a second SID in a family under different plausible scenarios of the prevalence of the risk factors. We have applied the model to make predictions in the Care of Next Infant (CONI) study7.

Results: The model gave plausible predictions. The CONI study observed 18 second SIDS. Our model predicted 14 (95% prediction interval 1 to 21).

Conclusion: When considering the risk of a subsequent SIDS in a family one should always take into account the known risk factors. If all risks have been identified, then conditional on these risks, the risk of two events is the product of the individual risks However for a given family we cannot quantify the magnitude of the increased risk because of other possible risk factors not accounted for in the model.