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How much loss to follow-up is acceptable in long-term randomised trials and prospective studies?
1 Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH
2 Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol
3 Department of Oral and Dental Science and Department of Social Science, University of Bristol
4 University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands
5 University of Munich, Dr von Hauner Childrens’ Hospital, Germany
Correspondence to:
Dr Mary Fewtrell, Reader in Childhood Nutrition, Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH; m.fewtrell@ich.ucl.ac.uk
Accepted 19 November 2007
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
There is increasing evidence that health and development in adult life is influenced or "programmed" by factors, including nutrition, operating during foetal life and infancy. Early nutrition in a variety of animal species, including primates, has been demonstrated to influence later outcomes, including the likelihood of cardiovascular disease, learning and behaviour problems and longevity (see supplementary data).
Evidence of programming in humans has, until recently, come largely from historical observational studies that showed associations between small size in early life and adult disease risk (see supplementary data). These cohorts were constructed from available health records. They by necessity relied on indirect measures of maternal and infant nutrition and often lacked detailed data on potential confounding variables. Many cohorts enrolled people who were born in the first half of the 20th century, and it is possible that the nature and size of any associations are different in contemporary populations. Thus, although
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