Evaluation of urinary tract calculi in children
S-A HultonDepartment of
Paediatric Nephrology, The Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust,
Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
Correspondence to: Dr Hulton sally.hulton@bhamchildrens.wmids.nhs.uk
Accepted 6 December
2000
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
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Introduction |
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Renal stone disease remains a significant health problem in the adult population, with the incidence of urolithiasis estimated to be as high as 12%.1 The true incidence in childhood is not known, but a frequency of two children per million UK population per annum has been suggested.2 Understanding the factors involved in urinary stone formation and the appropriate investigations for a child presenting with signs and symptoms of renal stone disease, will allow for earlier recognition of the problem and may assist in the prevention of recurrent stone formation.
The term "nephrocalcinosis" implies an increase in calcium content in the kidney, and is distinct from urolithiasis (stone in the urinary tract), although the two conditions may coexist. Nephrocalcinosis occurs less frequently than urolithiasis and may be focal, occurring in an area of previously damaged parenchyma, or generalised, usually as a result of an underlying metabolic disorder.
The incidence and composition
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