Caffeine and alcohol as risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome
B Alma, G Wennergrena, G Norveniusa, R Skjærvenb, N Øyenb, K Helweg-Larsenc, H Lagercrantzd, L M Irgensb, on behalf of the Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study
a Department of
Paediatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, S-416 85 Göteborg, Sweden, b The Medical Birth Registry of Norway,
N-5021 Bergen, Norway, c The Danish Institute for Clinical
Epidemiology, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, d Department
of Paediatrics, Karolinska Hospital, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
Correspondence to: Dr Alm.
Accepted 8 March 1999
OBJECTIVE
To assess
whether alcohol and caffeine are independent risk factors for sudden
infant death syndrome (SIDS).
MATERIALS AND
METHODSAnalyses based on data from the Nordic
epidemiological SIDS study, a case control study in which all parents
of SIDS victims in the Nordic countries from 1 September 1992 to 31 August 1995 were invited to participate with parents of four controls,
matched for sex and age at death. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by conditional logistic regression analysis.
RESULTSThe crude ORs
for caffeine consumption > 800 mg/24 hours both during and after
pregnancy were significantly raised: 3.9 (95% confidence interval
(CI), 1.9 to 8.1) and 3.1 (95% CI, 1.5 to 6.3), respectively. However,
after adjustment for maternal smoking in 1st trimester, maternal age,
education and parity, no significant effect of caffeine during or after
pregnancy remained. For maternal or paternal alcohol use, no
significant risk increase was found after adjusting for social
variables, except for heavy postnatal intake of alcohol by the mother,
where the risk was significantly increased.
CONCLUSIONSCaffeine
during or after pregnancy was not found to be an independent risk
factor for SIDS after adjustment for maternal age, education, parity,
and smoking during pregnancy. Heavy postnatal but not prenatal intake
of alcohol by the mother increased the risk.
Keywords: sudden infant death syndrome; caffeine; alcohol; risk factors
© 1999 by Archives of Disease in Childhood
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